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Dyslexia is one language-based learning disability that affects the development of reading, spelling, and written language skills. A person with dyslexia has difficulty identifying words quickly and accurately. This lack of word identification often translates into difficulty in reading, writing, spelling, math, and organization despite the individual’s high level of intelligence.

Dysgraphia is a learning disability that involves difficulty in expressing thoughts in writing. It generally needs to include better handwriting. Dysgraphia can also present itself with difficulties in spelling. Individuals with dysgraphia often have weak fine motor skills or struggle with visual-spatial awareness. 

Dyscalculia is difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic, such as difficulty understanding numbers, manipulating numbers, and learning facts in mathematics.

This is a learning disability that originates in the right hemisphere of the brain, causing problems in motor skills, visual-spatial organizational skills, and social skills. Weaknesses may include a lack of motor coordination and balance, poor visual memory, difficulty with spatial relationships and perception, problems understanding nonverbal social cues such as facial expressions, and difficulty adjusting to transitions. Academically, weaknesses may be seen in mathematical calculation and reasoning, reading comprehension, handwriting, and learning new information. Individuals with this disability may have strong verbal and auditory memory skills, early speech and language development, increased attention to detail, and average or above-average intelligence.

Refers to problems with attention, memory, impulse control, organization, planning, and hierarchical thinking. They are critical to playing, organizing, and carrying out complex human behavior over long periods. One specific component of executive functioning is “working memory,” the ability to hold information in one’s mind while processing and manipulating it. Younger children rely on these abilities to follow a sequence of instructions.

Language is used to communicate ideas and express wants and needs. Speaking, writing, reading, and gestures are all forms of language. A language disorder is an impairment of comprehension or expression of language, including social interaction. Individuals whose language ability is not at the level expected of their age, cognitive ability, or level of language exposure may have a language disorder.

Is the ability to understand spoken language, including comprehension of age-appropriate vocabulary, word meaning, word relationships, and syntactical and grammatical structures. Children learn language by listening to the spoken language around them and practicing what they hear. They discover the rules of the language code over time. Problems in understanding language will affect almost every aspect of school, including following directions, learning vocabulary, understanding directions, and reading comprehension.

is the ability to express ideas, wants, and needs in an organized and appropriate manner. The development of oral language normally occurs without formal teaching due to exposure to spoken language. Oral language is the foundation for reading and written language. Individuals with expressive language difficulties may have difficulty organizing their thoughts and ideas into spoken or written language, holding a conversation, telling a story, and using different forms of language for different listeners or situations.

causes impairment in both the understanding and the expression of language.